Huko 1905, Einstein Alipendekeza Wakati Iunganishwe na Nafasi kama "Nafasi-Wakati"

In 1905, Einstein proposed that time is not a distinct entity, and it ought to be considered as one unit: space-time

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KISWAHILI

"Katika mazoezi, watu wanasitasita kuacha nadharia ambayo wamewekeza wakati mwingi na bidii. Kwa kawaida huanza [kusitasita] kwa kutilia shaka usahihi wa uchunguzi. Ikiwa hiyo itashindikana, wanajaribu kurekebisha nadharia kwa njia ya dharula. Hatimaye nadharia inakuwa jengo linapiga kelele na mbaya. Kisha mtu anapendekeza nadharia mpya, ambayo inaelezea kwa namna ya kifahari na ya asili, maoni yote [kabla] yasiyofaa.

“Mfano wa hili [kusitasita] ulikuwa jaribio la Michelson-Morley, lililofanywa mwaka wa 1887, ambalo lilionyesha kwamba kasi ya mwanga ilikuwa sawa kila wakati, bila kujali jinsi chanzo au mwangalizi alikuwa akisonga.

"Bila shaka hii ilionekana kuwa ya ujinga. Hakika mtu anayesogea kuelekea kwenye mwanga anapaswa kuipima ikisafiri kwa mwendo wa kasi zaidi kuliko mtu anayesogea upande uleule wa mwanga.... Kwa miaka kumi na minane iliyofuata watu...walijaribu kubana uchunguzi huu kwa ndani ya maoni [yapo] yaliyokubalika ya nafasi na wakati. Walianzisha maoni ya dharula [na yasiyo sahihi], kama vile kupendekeza kwamba vitu vilikuwa vifupi viliposogea kwa kasi ya juu. Mfumo mzima wa fizikia ukawa duni na usiofai.

“Kisha katika mwaka wa 1905, Einstein alipendekeza maoni yenye kuvutia zaidi, wazo hilo kwamba wakati haukuonwi kuwa tofauti kabisa na mbali. Badala yake, wakati iunganishwe na nafasi katika kitu chenye pande nne kiitwacho nafasi-wakati.”

- Stephen Hawking (1942-2018), mwandishi wa Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays (1993)

ENGLISH TRANSLATION

“In practice, people are very reluctant to give up a theory in which they have invested a lot of time and effort. They usually start [resisting] by questioning the accuracy of the observations. If that fails, they try to modify the theory in an ad hoc manner. Eventually the theory becomes a creaking and ugly edifice. Then someone suggests a new theory, in which all the awkward observations [from before] are explained in an elegant and natural manner.

“An example of this [resistance] was the Michelson-Morley experiment, performed in 1887, which showed that the speed of light was always the same, no matter how the source or the observer was moving.

“[But] this seemed ridiculous. Surely someone moving toward the light ought to measure it traveling at a higher speed than someone moving in the same direction as the light.... For the next eighteen years people...tried to accommodate this observation within [the then] accepted ideas of space and time. They introduced ad hoc [and incorrect] postulates, such as proposing that objects got shorter when they moved at high speeds. The entire framework of physics became clumsy and ugly.

“Then in 1905 Einstein suggested a much more attractive viewpoint, in which time was not regarded as completely separate and on its own. Instead it was combined with space in a four-dimensional object called space-time.”

- Stephen Hawking (1942-2018), author of Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays (1993)

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Kuhusu (About):

KISWAHILI

Stephen Hawking (1942-2018) alikuwa mwanafizikia wa kinadharia, profesa, na mwandishi ambaye kazi yake ilizingatia sifa za mashimo meusi na nadharia ya uhusianifu wa ujumla.

ENGLISH TRANSLATION

Stephen Hawking (1942-2018) was a theoretical physicist, professor, and author whose work focused on the properties of black holes and the theory of general relativity.

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KISWAHILI: Asante na tutaonana tena,

Mmerikani

ENGLISH TRANSLATION: Thank you and may we see each other again,

Mmerikani

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Chanzo (source): Hawking, Stephen. Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays. New York: Bantam Books, 1993, page 42-43. Kindle edition.